Uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi ya Chitosan

Mu buryo busanzwe bwo gutunganya amazi, imiti ikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya amazi ni umunyu wa aluminiyumu n'umunyu w'icyuma, umunyu wa aluminiyumu usigaye mu mazi yavuwe uzashyira ubuzima bw'abantu mu kaga, kandi umunyu w'icyuma usigaye uzagira ingaruka ku ibara ry'amazi, nibindi; muri rusange Mu gutunganya amazi yanduye, biragoye gukemura ibibazo by'umwanda nk'umuvuduko mwinshi w'amazi no kugorwa no kuyajugunya. Kubwibyo, gushaka ikintu karemano kidatera umwanda w'ibidukikije kugira ngo gisimbure umunyu wa aluminiyumu n'iminyu y'icyuma ni ngombwa gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba z'iterambere rirambye muri iki gihe. Imiti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi karemano yakuruye ibitekerezo byinshi muri iyi miti kubera ko ibonekamo ibikoresho fatizo byinshi, igiciro gito, guhitamo neza, ingano nto, umutekano n'uburozi, ndetse no kwangirika burundu kw'ibinyabuzima. Nyuma y'imyaka myinshi y'iterambere, hagaragaye umubare munini w'imiti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi karemano ifite imiterere n'ikoreshwa ritandukanye, muri yo hakaba harimo sitashi, lignin, chitosan na kole y'imboga.

ChitosanImitungo

Chitosan ni ikintu cy’umweru kidafite isura, gifite utuntu duto, kidashonga mu mazi ariko gishonga muri aside, ari nacyo gikomoka kuri chitin. Muri rusange, chitosan ishobora kwitwa chitosan iyo itsinda rya N-acetyl riri muri chitin rikuweho ku kigero kirenga 55%. Chitin ni cyo gice cy’ingenzi cy’uturemangingo tw’inyamaswa n’udukoko, kandi ni cyo kintu cya kabiri kinini cy’ibinyabuzima karemano ku isi nyuma ya selulose. Nk’ikinyabutabire, chitosan ni karemano, ntigira uburozi kandi irashobora kwangirika. Hariho amatsinda menshi ya hydroxyl, amatsinda ya amine n’amatsinda amwe ya N-acetylamino akwirakwijwe ku ruhererekane rwa macromolecular rwa chitosan, ashobora gukora polyelectrolytes za cationic zifite charge nyinshi mu bisubizo bya aside, kandi ashobora no gukora imiterere isa n’urusobe binyuze mu migozi ya hydrogen cyangwa imigozi ya ionic. Molekile zo mu kazu, bityo zigakuramo iyoni nyinshi z’icyuma gikomeye zirimo uburozi kandi zangiza. Chitosan n'ibiyikomokaho bifite akamaro kanini, atari mu myenda, gucapa no gusiga amarangi, gukora impapuro, ubuvuzi, ibiribwa, inganda z'imiti, ibinyabuzima n'ubuhinzi ndetse n'ibindi byinshi bifite agaciro kenshi, ahubwo no mu gutunganya amazi, ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibintu bikurura, ibitera flocculation, imiti yica udukoko, ibiyobyabwenge, ihinduranya iyoni, gutegura membrane, nibindi. Chitosan yemejwe n'Ikigo cya Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije nk'ikintu gisukura amazi yo kunywa kubera ibyiza byacyo bidasanzwe mu gutanga amazi no kuyatunganya.

Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryaChitosanmu gutunganya amazi

(1) Kuraho ibintu bikomeye bimanitse mu mazi. Mu mazi karemano, ahinduka sisitemu ya colloid ifite ingufu nke bitewe n'uko hari bagiteri z'ibumba, n'ibindi. Nk'umuyoboro muremure wa cationic polymer, chitosan ishobora kugira imirimo ibiri yo kugabanya no gufungana kw'amashanyarazi no gushyiramo amazi no guhuza amazi, kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye zo gufungana ku bintu bimanitse. Ugereranyije na alum na polyacrylamide gakondo nk'ibice bifunga amazi, chitosan ifite ingaruka nziza zo gusobanura neza. RAVID n'abandi bize ku ngaruka zo kuvura flocculation mu gukwirakwiza amazi ya kaolin imwe igihe pH ya chitosan yari 5-9, maze basanga flocculation yagizweho ingaruka cyane n'agaciro ka pH, kandi pH ikora neza yo gukuraho turbidity yari 7.0-7.5. Flocculant ya 1mg/L, igipimo cyo gukuraho turbidity kirenga 90%, kandi floc zikorwa ni nini kandi zihuta, kandi igihe cyose cyo gufungana kw'amazi ntikirenza isaha 1; ariko iyo agaciro ka pH kagabanutse cyangwa kakiyongera, ubushobozi bwo gukurura bugabanuka, bigaragaza ko gusa mu rugero ruto cyane rwa pH, chitosan ishobora gukora polymerization nziza ikoresheje uduce twa kaolin. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwagaragaje ko iyo flocculated bentonite suspension ivuwe na chitosan, urugero rwa pH rukwiye ruba rugari. Kubwibyo, iyo amazi y’umukungugu arimo uduce gisa na kaolin, ni ngombwa kongeramo ingano ikwiye ya bentonite nk'umuyoboro w'amazi kugira ngo hongerwe polymerization yachitosanku bice by'umubiri. Nyuma, RAVID n'abandi basanze

Iyo hari humus mu gice cya kaolin cyangwa dioxyde titanium, biroroshye kuyitera no kuyitera hifashishijwe chitosan, kuko humus ifite ingufu nke iba ifatanye n'ubuso bw'uduce, kandi humus ituma byoroha guhindura agaciro ka pH. Chitosan yagaragaje ubushobozi bwo gutera neza ku bidukikije by'amazi bifite ubushyuhe butandukanye n'ubutare.

(2) Kuraho algae na bagiteri mu mazi. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, bamwe mu bantu bo mu mahanga batangiye kwiga uburyo chitosan inyuzwamo kandi igahuzwa n'amazi ku buryo bwa biological colloid nka algae na bagiteri. Chitosan igira ingaruka zo gukuraho algae mu mazi meza, ari zo Spirulina, Oscillator algae, Chlorella na algae y'ubururu-icyatsi kibisi. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ku algae yo mu mazi meza, kuyikuraho ari byiza kuri pH ya 7; ku algae yo mu mazi, pH iba nkeya. Igipimo gikwiye cya chitosan giterwa n'ubwinshi bw'algae mu mazi. Uko algae ingana cyane, niko ingano ya chitosan igomba kongerwamo, kandi kwiyongera k'ingano ya chitosan bitera guhuzwa no kugwa vuba. Ubushyuhe bushobora gupima gukuraho algae. Iyo pH ari 7, 5mg/Lchitosanishobora gukuraho 90% by'amazi ashyushye, kandi uko algae iba nyinshi, niko uduce twa floc tuba twinshi kandi bigatuma imirasire iba myiza kurushaho.

Isuzuma ryakozwe muri mikorosikopi ryagaragaje ko algae zakuweho hakoreshejwe flocculation na sedimentation zahurijwe hamwe gusa, kandi zari zikiri mu mimerere myiza kandi zikora. Kubera ko chitosan idatera ingaruka mbi ku bwoko bw'amazi ari mu mazi, amazi yavuwe aracyakoreshwa mu bworozi bw'amazi meza, bitandukanye n'ibindi binyabutabire byakozwe mu gutunganya amazi. Uburyo bwo gukuraho chitosan kuri bagiteri buragoye cyane. Mu kwiga flocculation ya Escherichia coli na chitosan, byagaragaye ko uburyo butaringaniye bwo guhuza ibidukikije ari bwo buryo bw'ingenzi bwa flocculation system, kandi chitosan ikora imigozi ya hydrogen ku bisigazwa by'uturemangingo. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ubushobozi bwa chitosan flocculation ya E. coli butaterwa gusa n'ubushobozi bwa dielectric ahubwo buterwa n'ingano yayo ya hydraulic.

(3) Kuraho aluminiyumu isigaye hanyuma usukure amazi yo kunywa. Umunyu wa aluminiyumu n'ibice bya polyaluminum flocculants bikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya amazi yo mu robine, ariko gukoresha ibice bya aluminiyumu by'umunyu bishobora gutuma aluminium yiyongera mu mazi yo kunywa. Aluminium isigaye mu mazi yo kunywa ni ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima bw'abantu. Nubwo chitosan ifite ikibazo cy'ibice by'amazi, kubera ko ari aminopolysaccharide idahumanya ya alkaline, ibice byayo ntibizagira ingaruka ku mubiri w'umuntu, kandi bishobora gukurwaho mu gikorwa gikurikiraho cyo kuyitunganya. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha chitosan hamwe n'ibice bya inorganic flocculants nka polyaluminum chloride bishobora kugabanya ingano ya aluminiyumu isigaye. Kubwibyo, mu gutunganya amazi yo kunywa, chitosan ifite ibyiza ibindi bice bya polymer flocculants by'umwimerere bidashobora gusimbura.

Gukoresha Chitosan mu gutunganya amazi yanduye

(1) Kuraho iyoni z'icyuma. Uruhererekane rw'ibinyabutabire byachitosankandi ibikomoka kuri yo birimo umubare munini w’amatsinda ya amine n’amatsinda ya hydroxyl, bityo igira ingaruka zo gukurura kuri iyoni nyinshi z’icyuma, kandi ishobora kwinjiza cyangwa gufata iyoni z’icyuma gikomeye mu gisubizo. Catherine A. Eiden n’ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza chitosan kuri Pb2+ na Cr3+ (muri kimwe cya chitosan) bugera kuri 0.2 mmol/g na 0.25 mmol/g, kandi bufite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kwinjiza. Zhang Ting'an n'abandi bakoresheje chitosan idaseseye kugira ngo bakureho umuringa binyuze mu gukurura. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko igihe pH yari 8.0 kandi uburemere bwa iyoni z’umuringa mu gipimo cy’amazi bwari munsi ya 100 mg/L, igipimo cyo gukuraho umuringa cyari kirenze 99%; Igipimo cy’uburemere ni 400mg/L, kandi uburemere bwa iyoni z’umuringa mu mazi asigaye buracyahuye n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’igihugu byo gusohora amazi yanduye. Irindi gerageza ryagaragaje ko igihe pH = 5.0 n'igihe cyo kuyishyiramo cyari amasaha 2, igipimo cyo gukuraho chitosan muri Ni2+ mu mazi ya nikeli yashyizwemo yashoboraga kugera kuri 72.25%.

(2) Shyira amazi yanduye mu buryo burimo poroteyine nyinshi nk'amazi yanduye mu biribwa. Mu gihe cyo gutunganya ibiribwa, amazi yanduye arimo ibintu byinshi bikomeye birekuye arasohoka. Molekile ya chitosan irimo itsinda rya amide, itsinda rya amino n'itsinda rya hydroxyl. Mu gihe itsinda rya amino rihinduka, bigaragaza uruhare rwa polyelectrolyte ya cationic, idakora gusa ku byuma biremereye, ahubwo ishobora no gukurura no kwinjiza uduce duto dufite amashanyarazi mabi mu mazi. Chitin na chitosan bishobora gukora complexes binyuze mu guhuza hydrogen na poroteyine, aside amino, aside ibinure, nibindi. Fang Zhimin n'abandi bakoreshejwe.chitosan, aluminium sulfate, ferric sulfate na polypropylene phthalamide nk'ibice bifasha mu kugarura poroteyine mu mazi yanduye yo mu nyanja. Poroteyine nyinshi zigaruka kandi urumuri rw'amazi rushobora kuboneka. Kubera ko chitosan ubwayo idahumanya kandi nta mwanda wa kabiri igira, ishobora gukoreshwa mu kuvugurura ibintu by'ingirakamaro nka poroteyine na sitashi mu mazi yanduye yo mu nganda zitunganya ibiribwa kugira ngo itunganywe kandi ikoreshwe, nko kongeramo ibiryo nk'ibiryo by'amatungo.

(3) Gutunganya amazi yanduye yo gucapa no gusiga irangi. Gucapa no gusiga irangi amazi yanduye bivuga amazi yanduye ava mu ipamba, ubwoya, fibre ya shimi n'ibindi bicuruzwa by'imyenda mu gihe cyo kuyatunganya mbere yo kuyasiga, kuyasiga irangi, kuyacapa no kuyarangiza. Akenshi aba arimo imyunyu, surfactants na dyes by’umwimerere, nibindi, hamwe n'ibice bigoye, chroma nini na COD nyinshi, kandi agakura mu cyerekezo cyo kurwanya oxidation no kurwanya kubora, ibyo bikaba byangiza cyane ubuzima bw'abantu n'ibidukikije. Chitosan igizwe n'amatsinda ya amino n'amatsinda ya hydroxyl, kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye zo kuyungurura amarangi, harimo: kuyungurura imiterere, kuyungurura chemical no kuyungurura ion, ahanini binyuze mu guhuza hydrogen, gukurura electrostatic, guhinduranya ion, imbaraga za van der Waals, hydrophobic interaction, nibindi. Muri icyo gihe, imiterere ya molekile ya chitosan irimo umubare munini w'amatsinda ya amino y'ibanze, akora polymer chelating agent nziza binyuze mu migozi yo guhuza, ishobora gutera amarangi mu mazi yanduye, kandi ntabwo ari uburozi kandi ntitanga umwanda wa kabiri.

(4) Gukoresha mu gukuraho amazi mu myanda. Muri iki gihe, inganda nyinshi zitunganya imyanda mu mijyi zikoresha polyacrylamide ya cationic mu kuvura imyanda. Imyitozo yagaragaje ko iyi miti ifite ingaruka nziza zo gukurura amazi kandi yoroshye kuyakuramo, ariko ibisigazwa byayo, cyane cyane acrylamide monomer, ni kanseri ikomeye. Kubwibyo, ni akazi gakomeye gushaka uburyo bwo kuyisimbura. Chitosan ni umuti mwiza wo koroshya imyanda, ufasha mu gukora micelles za bagiteri zo mu myanda zikora, zishobora gutera ibintu biremereye bidafite ingufu n'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera mu gisubizo, no kunoza imikorere y'uburyo bwo kuvura imyanda ikora. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko polyaluminum chloride/chitosan composite flocculant idatanga gusa ingaruka zigaragara mu gutunganya imyanda, ahubwo inagera no mu ikoreshwa rya PAC imwe cyangwa chitosan, ubudahangarwa bwihariye bw'imyanda butangira kugera ku rugero rwo hasi, kandi igipimo cyo kuyungurura kiri hejuru. Ni vuba kandi ni umuti mwiza wo koroshya imyanda; Byongeye kandi, hakoreshwa ubwoko butatu bwa carboxymethyl chitosan (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan na O-carboxymethyl chitosan) nk'uko flocculant yageragejwe ku mikorere yo gukura amazi mu myanda, kandi byagaragaye ko floc zakozwe zari zikomeye kandi zitari zoroshye kuzimena, bigaragaza ko ingaruka za flocculant ku gukura amazi mu myanda zari nziza cyane kurusha iz'imyanda isanzwe.

Chitosankandi ibikomoka kuri yo bikungahaye ku mutungo kamere, ntibihumanya, birangirika, kandi bifite imiterere itandukanye icyarimwe. Ni imiti ivura amazi y’icyatsi kibisi. Ibikoresho byayo fatizo, chitin, ni yo mvange ya kabiri nini ku isi. Kubwibyo, mu myaka ya vuba aha, iterambere rya chitosan mu gutunganya amazi rifite umuvuduko ugaragara wo gukura. Nk’umuti usanzwe uhindura imyanda ubutunzi, chitosan yatangiye gukoreshwa mu nzego nyinshi, ariko imikorere n’ikoreshwa ry’ibicuruzwa byo mu gihugu biracyafite icyuho runaka ugereranije n’ibindi bihugu byateye imbere. Uko ubushakashatsi kuri chitosan n’ibikomoka kuri yo, cyane cyane chitosan yahinduwe ifite imiterere myiza yo gukora, ifite agaciro kenshi ko gukoreshwa. Gusuzuma ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha chitosan mu gutunganya amazi no guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bya chitosan bitangiza ibidukikije bifite urwego rwagutse rwo gukoreshwa bizatanga agaciro kanini ku isoko n’amahirwe yo gukoreshwa.

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