Benshi mu baturage b’igihugu cyanjye baba mu mijyi mito no mu cyaro, kandi umwanda w’imyanda yo mu cyaro ku bidukikije w’amazi watumye abantu benshi babitaho.Usibye igipimo gito cyo gutunganya imyanda mu karere k'iburengerazuba, igipimo cyo gutunganya imyanda mu cyaro cy'igihugu cyanjye muri rusange cyiyongereye.Nyamara, igihugu cyanjye gifite ifasi nini, kandi ibidukikije, imibereho nubukungu bwimijyi nimidugudu yo mu turere dutandukanye biratandukanye cyane.Nigute wakora akazi keza mugutunganya imyanda yegerejwe abaturage ukurikije imiterere yaho, uburambe bwibihugu byateye imbere birakwiye kwiga.
igihugu cyanjye gikuru cyegerejwe abaturage uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda
Hariho ubwoko bukurikira bwa tekinoroji yo gutunganya imyanda yo mucyaro mugihugu cyanjye (reba Ishusho 1): tekinoroji ya biofilm, tekinoroji yo gutunganya imyanda, tekinoroji yo gutunganya ibidukikije, tekinoroji yo gutunganya ubutaka, hamwe nubuhanga bwo gutunganya ibinyabuzima n’ibidukikije.Impamyabumenyi yo gusaba, kandi ufite ibibazo byatsinzwe byo kuyobora.Urebye igipimo cyo gutunganya imyanda, ubushobozi bwo gutunganya amazi buri munsi ya toni 500.
1. Ibyiza nibibi byikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda yo mucyaro
Mu myitozo yo gutunganya imyanda yo mu cyaro, buri tekinoroji yatunganijwe yerekana ibyiza n'ibibi bikurikira:
Uburyo bukoreshwa bwa sludge: kugenzura byoroshye no kugenzura byikora, ariko ikigereranyo cyikigereranyo kuri buri rugo ni kinini, kandi abakozi badasanzwe basabwa gukora no kubungabunga.
Ikoranabuhanga ryubatswe ryubatswe: igiciro cyubwubatsi buke, ariko igipimo cyo gukuraho gito nigikorwa kibi no kuyobora.
Gutunganya ubutaka: kubaka, gukora no kuyitaho biroroshye, kandi ikiguzi ni gito, ariko irashobora kwanduza amazi yubutaka kandi igasaba imikorere yigihe kirekire no kuyitaho.
Ibinyabuzima bihindagurika + uburiri bwibimera: bikwiranye nakarere ka majyepfo, ariko biragoye gukora no kubungabunga.
Sitasiyo ntoya itunganya imyanda: hafi yuburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda yo mu ngo.Akarusho ni uko amazi meza atemba ari meza, kandi ibibi ni uko adashobora guhaza ibikenerwa by’imyanda yo mu cyaro.
Nubwo hari aho biteza imbere tekinoroji yo gutunganya imyanda yo mu cyaro "idafite ingufu", tekinoroji yo gutunganya imyanda "ikoreshwa" iracyafite igice kinini.Kugeza ubu, mu byaro byinshi, ubutaka bugenerwa ingo, kandi hari ubutaka rusange, kandi ikigereranyo cy’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka mu turere twateye imbere mu bukungu ni gito cyane.Amikoro menshi, make yubutaka aboneka mugutunganya imyanda.Kubwibyo, tekinoroji yo gutunganya imyanda "ifite imbaraga" ifite icyerekezo cyiza cyo gukoreshwa mubice bidakoreshwa cyane nubutaka, ubukungu bwateye imbere hamwe n’amazi meza asabwa.Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda ibika ingufu kandi igabanya ibicuruzwa byahindutse inzira yiterambere rya tekinoroji yo gutunganya imyanda yo mu ngo yegerejwe abaturage mu midugudu no mumijyi.
2. Uburyo bwo guhuza uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda yo mucyaro
igihugu cyanjye cyo mucyaro cyo gutunganya imyanda itunganya imyanda ahanini ifite uburyo butatu bukurikira:
Uburyo bwa mbere ni MBR cyangwa guhuza okiside cyangwa uburyo bwo gukora sludge.Umwanda ubanza winjira mu kigega cya septique, hanyuma ukinjira mu gice cyo gutunganya ibinyabuzima, hanyuma ugasohoka mu mazi akikije kugira ngo wongere ukoreshe.Kongera gukoresha imyanda yo mucyaro birasanzwe.
Uburyo bwa kabiri ni anaerobic + igishanga cyubukorikori cyangwa anaerobic + icyuzi cyangwa anaerobic + ubutaka, ni ukuvuga ko igice cya anaerobic gikoreshwa nyuma ya tanki ya septique, hanyuma nyuma yo kuvura ibidukikije, ikajugunywa mubidukikije cyangwa ikinjira mubuhinzi.
Uburyo bwa gatatu bukora sludge + igishanga cyubukorikori, gukora sludge + icyuzi, guhuza okiside + igishanga cyubukorikori, cyangwa guhuza okiside + kuvura ubutaka, ni ukuvuga ibikoresho bya aerobic na aeration bikoreshwa nyuma ya tanki ya septique, hanyuma hongerwaho ishami rishinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije. gukuramo azote na fosifore.
Mubikorwa bifatika, uburyo bwa mbere bufite umubare munini, bugera kuri 61%).
Muri ubu buryo butatu bwavuzwe haruguru, MBR ifite uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura kandi irakwiriye ahantu hamwe hasabwa amazi meza, ariko ikiguzi cyo gukora ni kinini.Igiciro cyo gukora nigiciro cyubwubatsi bwigishanga cyubatswe hamwe na tekinoroji ya anaerobic ni bike cyane, ariko iyo bisuzumwe neza, birakenewe kongera inzira ya aeration kugirango bigerweho neza.
Kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi bwo gutunganya imyanda ikoreshwa mu mahanga
1. Amerika
Kubijyanye na sisitemu yo gucunga nibisabwa tekinike, gutunganya imyanda yegerejwe abaturage muri Amerika ikora muburyo bwuzuye.Kugeza ubu, gahunda yo gutunganya imyanda yegerejwe abaturage muri Amerika ifite ikoranabuhanga rikurikira:
tank.Ibigega bya septique hamwe no gutunganya ubutaka bikoreshwa muburyo bwikoranabuhanga mumahanga.Dukurikije imibare y’ubushakashatsi bw’Abadage, hafi 32% y’imyanda ikwiranye no gutunganya ubutaka, muri bwo 10-20% ntibujuje ibyangombwa.Impamvu yo kunanirwa irashobora kuba nuko sisitemu yanduza amazi yubutaka, nka: igihe cyo gukoresha cyane;umutwaro urenze urugero;gushushanya no gushiraho ibibazo;ibibazo byo gucunga ibikorwa, nibindi
Akayunguruzo.Kurungurura umucanga nubuhanga bukoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya imyanda muri Amerika, bushobora kugera ku ngaruka nziza zo gukuraho.
Kuvura indege.Ubuvuzi bwo mu kirere bukoreshwa ahantu henshi muri Amerika, kandi igipimo cyo kuvura ni 1.5-5.7t / d, ukoresheje uburyo bwo guhinduranya ibinyabuzima cyangwa uburyo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi.Mu myaka yashize, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika nazo zagize uruhare runini mu gukoresha neza azote na fosifore.Hafi ya azote muri Amerika iboneka mu mazi mabi.Ni ngombwa kugabanya ibiciro byo gutunganya nyuma yo gutandukana hakiri kare.
Mubyongeyeho, hariho kwanduza, gukuraho intungamubiri, gutandukanya inkomoko, no gukuraho N na P no gukira.
2. Ubuyapani
Ubuyapani bwo kwegereza abaturage imyanda itunganya imyanda irazwi cyane kubera uburyo bwo gutunganya tanki ya septique.Inkomoko y'imyanda yo mu ngo mu Buyapani iratandukanye cyane n'iy'igihugu cyanjye.Ikusanyirizwa cyane cyane ukurikije ibyiciro byamazi yo kumesa hamwe n’amazi yo mu gikoni.
Ibigega bya septique mu Buyapani byashyizwe ahantu hadakwiriye gukusanyirizwa imiyoboro kandi aho ubucucike bwabaturage buri hasi.Ibigega bya septique byateguwe kubantu batandukanye nibipimo.Nubwo ibigega bya septique biriho bisimburwa uko ibisekuruza byagiye bisimburana, biracyiganjemo imyanda.Nyuma ya reaction ya AO, anaerobic, deoxidizing, aerobic, sedimentation, disinfection nibindi bikorwa, hakwiye kuvugwa ko tank ya septique ikora mubisanzwe.Ikigereranyo cyiza cyo gukoresha tanki ya septique mubuyapani ntabwo ari ikibazo cya tekiniki gusa, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo gucunga neza muburyo bwemewe n'amategeko, bikora urubanza rusa neza.Kugeza ubu, mu gihugu cyacu hari ibibazo bya tanki ya septique, kandi twakagombye kuvuga ko hari n'amasoko muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba.Ibihugu nka Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo, Indoneziya, na Filipine nabyo byatewe na politiki yo gutunganya imyanda y’Ubuyapani.Maleziya na Indoneziya byashyizeho uburyo bwihariye bwa tekinike yo mu gihugu ndetse n'amabwiriza agenga tanki ya septique, ariko mu bikorwa aya mabwiriza n'amabwiriza ntibishobora kuba bihuye n'iterambere ry'ubukungu muri iki gihe.
3. Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi
Mubyukuri, hari ibihugu bimwe byateye imbere mubukungu nubuhanga mu bihugu by’Uburayi, ndetse no mu turere tumwe na tumwe twasubiye inyuma mu bukungu n’ikoranabuhanga.Ku bijyanye n’iterambere ry’ubukungu, barasa n’ibihugu by’Ubushinwa.Nyuma yo kugera ku ntera mu bukungu, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nawo urimo gukora cyane kugira ngo uteze imbere imyanda, kandi mu 2005 yemeje uburinganire bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi EN12566-3 hagamijwe gutunganya imyanda mito mito yo kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi.Ibipimo ngenderwaho bigomba kuvugwa ko aribwo buryo bwo guhuza ingamba n’imiterere y’ahantu, imiterere y’imiterere, n’ibindi, guhitamo uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura, cyane cyane ibigega bya septique no gutunganya ubutaka.Mubindi byiciro ngenderwaho, ibikoresho byuzuye, inganda zitunganya imyanda hamwe na sisitemu yo gutunganya ibintu nabyo birimo.
4. Ubuhinde
Nyuma yo kumenyekanisha muri make ibibazo by’ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere, reka mbamenyeshe uko ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere biri mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya byegereye uturere tw’ubukungu bwateye imbere mu bukungu.Imyanda yo mu ngo mu Buhinde ituruka ahanini ku mazi y’igikoni.Kubijyanye no gutunganya imyanda, tekinoroji ya septique niyo ikoreshwa cyane muri Aziya yepfo yepfo.Ariko ikibazo rusange gisa nicy'igihugu cyacu, ni ukuvuga ko ubwoko bwose bwanduye bwamazi bugaragara cyane.Ku nkunga ya Guverinoma y'Ubuhinde, ibikorwa na gahunda zo kwagura tanki ya septique birakomeje, hakaba hasobanuwe uburyo bwo kuvura tanki ya septique ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga rya okiside.
5. Indoneziya
Indoneziya iherereye mu turere dushyuha.Nubwo iterambere ry’ubukungu mu cyaro risa nkaho ryasubiye inyuma, umwanda wo mu ngo w’abaturage baho usohoka cyane mu nzuzi.Kubwibyo, ubuzima bwicyaro muri Maleziya, Tayilande, Vietnam ndetse nibindi bihugu ntabwo ari byiza.Ikoreshwa rya tanki ya septique muri Indoneziya rifite 50%, kandi banashyizeho politiki ijyanye no guteza imbere imikoreshereze n’ibipimo bya tanki ya septique muri Indoneziya.
Uburambe bwamahanga
Mu ncamake muri make, ibihugu byateye imbere bifite uburambe buke bwiterambere igihugu cyanjye gishobora kwigiraho: sisitemu yubuziranenge mubihugu byateye imbere iruzuye kandi irasanzwe, kandi hariho uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga imikorere, harimo amahugurwa yumwuga nuburere mboneragihugu., mugihe amahame yo gutunganya imyanda mubihugu byateye imbere arasobanutse neza.
By'umwihariko harimo: (1) Sobanura inshingano zo gutunganya imyanda, kandi muri icyo gihe, Leta ishyigikira uburyo bwo kwegereza abaturage imyanda abaturage binyuze mu mafaranga na politiki;gushyiraho ibipimo bijyanye no kugenzura no kuyobora gutunganya imyanda yegerejwe abaturage;..(4) Umwihariko (5) kumenyekanisha no kwigisha n'imishinga yo kwitabira abaturage, nibindi
Muri gahunda yo gushyira mu bikorwa, uburambe bwatsinzwe hamwe n’amasomo yo gutsindwa byegeranijwe kugira ngo hamenyekane iterambere rirambye ry’igihugu cyanjye cyo kwegereza abaturage imyanda y’imyanda.
Cr.antop
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-13-2023