Abenshi mu baturage b'igihugu cyanjye batuye mu mijyi mito no mu byaro, kandi umwanda w'amazi mabi yo mu cyaro ku bidukikije by'amazi warushijeho gukurura abantu benshi. Uretse igipimo gito cyo gutunganya amazi mabi mu karere k'iburengerazuba, igipimo cyo gutunganya amazi mabi mu byaro byo mu gihugu cyanjye muri rusange cyariyongereye. Ariko, igihugu cyanjye gifite ubuso bunini, kandi imiterere y'ibidukikije, imibereho n'ubukungu by'imijyi n'imidugudu mu turere dutandukanye biratandukanye cyane. Uburyo bwo gukora akazi keza mu gutunganya amazi mabi hifashishijwe imiterere y'aho hantu, ubunararibonye bw'ibihugu byateye imbere burakwiye kwigwa.
Ikoranabuhanga rikomeye ryo gutunganya imyanda mu gihugu cyanjye
Mu gihugu cyanjye hari ubwoko bukurikira bw'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda mu cyaro (reba Ishusho ya 1): ikoranabuhanga rya biofilm, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda rikora, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ibidukikije, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubutaka, hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ibinyabuzima n'ibidukikije. Impamyabumenyi yo gukoresha, kandi bafite imicungire myiza y'imikorere. Ukurikije urwego rwo gutunganya imyanda, ubushobozi bwo gutunganya amazi muri rusange buri munsi ya toni 500.
1. Ibyiza n'ibibi by'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda mu cyaro
Mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya imyanda mu cyaro, buri koranabuhanga rigaragaza ibyiza n'ibibi bikurikira:
Uburyo bwo gukoresha umwanda mu buryo bukora: kugenzura ibintu mu buryo bworoshye no kugenzura mu buryo bwikora, ariko igiciro mpuzandengo kuri buri rugo ni kinini, kandi hakenewe abakozi bihariye mu kuyikoresha no kuyibungabunga.
Ikoranabuhanga ry’ibishanga byubatswe: ikiguzi gito cyo kubaka, ariko igipimo cyo gukuraho kiri hasi ndetse n’imikorere n’imicungire bidahwitse.
Gutunganya ubutaka: kubaka, gukoresha no kubungabunga ubutaka biroroshye, kandi igiciro ni gito, ariko bishobora kwanduza amazi yo munsi y'ubutaka kandi bigasaba ko habaho imicungire y'igihe kirekire y'ibikorwa n'imicungire y'ubutaka.
Ubutaka bw'ibimera n'ibimera: bukwiriye akarere k'amajyepfo, ariko bugoranye kubukoresha no kububungabunga.
Aho gutunganya imyanda mito: hafi y'uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda yo mu mujyi. Akamaro ni uko amazi y'imyanda ari meza, naho ikibi ni uko adashobora guhaza ibyo imyanda yo mu cyaro ikenera.
Nubwo hari ahantu hamwe na hamwe hatezwa imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda mu cyaro "ridakoresha amashanyarazi", ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda "rikoresha amashanyarazi" riracyari rinini. Kuri ubu, mu bice byinshi by'icyaro, ubutaka buhabwa ingo, kandi hari ubutaka bwa leta buke, kandi igipimo cy'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka mu bice byateye imbere mu bukungu ni gito cyane. Umutungo w'ubutaka uri hejuru kandi muke uboneka mu gutunganya imyanda. Kubwibyo, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda "rifite imbaraga" rifite amahirwe meza yo gukoreshwa mu bice bifite ikoreshwa rike ry'ubutaka, ubukungu buteye imbere n'ibisabwa ku bwiza bw'amazi. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda rizigama ingufu kandi rigabanya ikoreshwa ryabaye icyerekezo cy'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda mu ngo mu midugudu no mu mijyi.
2. Uburyo bwo guhuza ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda mu cyaro
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda mu cyaro mu gihugu cyanjye rifite uburyo butatu bukurikira:
Uburyo bwa mbere ni MBR cyangwa contact oxidation cyangwa imikorere y'imyanda ikora. Imyanda ibanza kwinjira mu kigega cy'imyanda, hanyuma ikinjira mu cyuma gitunganya imyanda, hanyuma igasohoka mu mazi ayikikije kugira ngo ikoreshwe. Gukoresha imyanda yo mu cyaro ni byo bikunze kugaragara.
Uburyo bwa kabiri ni ubutaka budafite umwuka ushyushye + bw’ubukorano cyangwa ikidendezi kidafite umwuka ushyushye + cyangwa ubutaka budafite umwuka ushyushye +, ni ukuvuga ko icyuma gikoresha umwuka ushyushye gikoreshwa nyuma yo gucukura ibigega by’amazi, kandi nyuma yo kuvura ibidukikije, gishyirwa mu bidukikije cyangwa kikajya mu buhinzi.
Uburyo bwa gatatu ni ubushyuhe bukoreshwa mu gukamura ibishanga + ibishanga by’ubukorano, ubushyuhe bukoreshwa mu gukamura ibishanga + ikidendezi, ubushyuhe bukoreshwa mu gukamura ibishanga + ibishanga by’ubukorano, cyangwa ubushyuhe bukoreshwa mu gukamura ibishanga + ibishanga, ni ukuvuga ko ibikoresho byo mu mwuka n’umwuka bikoreshwa nyuma yo gukamura ibishanga, hanyuma hongerwaho igikoresho cyo kuvura ibidukikije gikomeza gukuraho azote na fosifore.
Mu bikorwa bifatika, uburyo bwa mbere bugira umubare munini, bugera kuri 61%.
Muri ubwo buryo butatu bwavuzwe haruguru, MBR ifite ingaruka nziza zo kuyitunganya kandi ikwiriye ahantu hamwe na hamwe hakenewe amazi meza, ariko ikiguzi cyo kuyikoresha kiri hejuru. Ikiguzi cyo kuyikoresha n'ikiguzi cyo kubaka ibishanga byubatswe n'ikoranabuhanga ridafite umwuka mubi ni gito cyane, ariko iyo bisuzumwe neza, ni ngombwa kongera uburyo bwo kuyikoresha kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro mwiza wo kuyikoresha.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda ryashyizwe mu bikorwa mu mahanga
1. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika
Ku bijyanye na sisitemu yo gucunga no gupima ibikenewe mu ikoranabuhanga, uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda mu buryo bwa “decentralized waste” muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bukora mu buryo bwuzuye. Muri iki gihe, uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda mu buryo bwa “decentralized waste” muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bufite ikoranabuhanga rikurikira:
Ikigega cy’amazi asukuye. Ibigega by’amazi asukuye n’uburyo bwo gutunganya ubutaka ni ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa cyane mu mahanga. Dukurikije amakuru y’ubushakashatsi bw’Abadage, hafi 32% by’imyanda isukuye ikwiriye gukoreshwa mu gutunganya ubutaka, muri yo 10-20% ntabwo byujuje ibisabwa. Impamvu y’ihungabana ishobora kuba ari uko sisitemu yanduza amazi yo munsi y’ubutaka, nko: gukoresha igihe kinini; gukoresha amazi menshi cyane; ibibazo by’imiterere n’imitangire; ibibazo by’imicungire y’ibikorwa, n’ibindi.
Akayunguruzo k'umucanga. Kuyungurura umucanga ni ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya imyanda muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, rishobora kugira ingaruka nziza zo gukuraho imyanda.
Uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe aerobic. Uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe aerobic bukoreshwa ahantu henshi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kandi igipimo cyo kuvura muri rusange ni 1.5-5.7t / d, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa biological turntable cyangwa uburyo bwa activated sludge. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika nazo zashyize imbere cyane uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga ikoreshwa rya azote na fosifore. Azote nyinshi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika iboneka mu mazi yanduye. Ni ngombwa kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gutunganya nyuma binyuze mu gutandukanya hakiri kare.
Byongeye kandi, hari uburyo bwo kwica udukoko, gukuraho intungamubiri, gutandukanya isoko, no gukuraho no gusubizaho N na P.
2. Ubuyapani
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda mu Buyapani rizwi cyane kubera uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda mu kigega cy’imyanda. Inkomoko y’imyanda yo mu ngo mu Buyapani itandukanye gato n’iyo mu gihugu cyanjye. Ikusanyirizwa ahanini hakurikijwe ubwoko bw’amazi yanduye yo kumesa n’amazi yanduye yo mu gikoni.
Ibigega bya septike mu Buyapani bishyirwa mu turere tudakwiriye gukururwa imiyoboro y'amazi kandi aho ubucucike bw'abaturage buri hasi. Ibigega bya septike byagenewe abaturage batandukanye n'ibipimo. Nubwo ibigega bya septike biriho ubu birimo gusimburwa uko ibihe bisimburana, biracyari byinshi mu byobo. Nyuma ya AO reactor, anaerobic, deoxidation, aerobic, sedimentation, disinfection n'izindi nzira, byagombye kuvugwa ko ikigega cya septike cya A kiri gukora neza. Gukoresha neza ibigega bya septike mu Buyapani si ikibazo cya tekiniki gusa, ahubwo ni uburyo bwuzuye bwo gucunga munsi y'amategeko, bigatuma habaho ikibazo cyiza. Muri iki gihe, hari ikoreshwa ry'ibigega bya septike mu gihugu cyacu, kandi byagombye kuvugwa ko hari n'amasoko mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya. Ibihugu nka Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, Indoneziya, na Filipine nabyo bigira ingaruka kuri politiki y'Ubuyapani yo gutunganya imyanda y'amazi. Maleziya na Indoneziya byashyizeho amabwiriza yabyo bwite y'ikoranabuhanga n'amabwiriza ku bigega bya septike, ariko mu by'ukuri aya mabwiriza n'amabwiriza ashobora kuba adahuye n'iterambere ry'ubukungu bwabyo ubu.
3. Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi
Mu by’ukuri, hari ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byateye imbere mu bukungu n’ikoranabuhanga muri EU, ndetse n’uturere tumwe na tumwe dusigaye inyuma mu bukungu n’ikoranabuhanga. Mu bijyanye n’iterambere ry’ubukungu, bisa n’imimerere y’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa. Nyuma yo kugera ku iterambere mu bukungu, EU irimo gukora cyane kugira ngo inoze uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda, kandi mu 2005 yemeje amahame ngenderwaho ya EU EN12566-3 yo gutunganya imyanda mu buryo buciriritse. Aya mahame agomba kuvugwa ko ari uburyo bwo guhuza ingamba n’imiterere y’aho hantu, imiterere y’ubutaka, n’ibindi, kugira ngo hatoranywe ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye ryo gutunganya imyanda, cyane cyane harimo ibigega by’amazi mabi n’uburyo bwo gutunganya ubutaka. Mu yandi mahame ngenderwaho, harimo n’ibikoresho birambuye, inganda nto zo gutunganya imyanda n’uburyo bwo kuyitunganya mbere yo kuyitunganya.
4. Ubuhinde
Nyuma yo kubagezaho muri make ibibazo by’ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere, reka mbagezeho uko ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere byo muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’uburasirazuba biri hafi y’uturere tw’igihugu cyanjye tudateye imbere mu bukungu. Imyanda yo mu ngo mu Buhinde ikomoka ahanini ku mazi yanduye yo mu gikoni. Mu bijyanye no gutunganya imyanda, ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha ibigega by’imyanda ni ryo rikoreshwa cyane muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’uburasirazuba. Ariko ikibazo rusange ni nk’icy’igihugu cyacu, ni ukuvuga ko ubwoko bwose bw’imyanda y’amazi bugaragara cyane. Ku nkunga ya Guverinoma y’Ubuhinde, ibikorwa na gahunda zo kongera neza ibigega by’imyanda birimo gukorwa, hamwe n’ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gutunganya ibigega by’imyanda n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha amazi mu buryo bwa oxidation.
5. Indoneziya
Indoneziya iherereye mu turere dushyuha. Nubwo iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'icyaro riri inyuma cyane, imyanda yo mu ngo z'abaturage bo muri ako gace itemba cyane cyane mu migezi. Kubwibyo, ubuzima bw'icyaro muri Maleziya, Tayilande, Viyetinamu n'ibindi bihugu ntabwo butanga icyizere. Ikoreshwa ry'ibigega by'imyanda muri Indoneziya ringana na 50%, kandi banashyizeho politiki zijyanye no guteza imbere amahame n'amahame ngenderwaho y'ibigega by'imyanda muri Indoneziya.
Ubunararibonye buhanitse mu mahanga
Muri make, ibihugu byateye imbere bifite ubunararibonye bwinshi buhanitse igihugu cyanjye gishobora kwigiraho: uburyo bwo gushyiraho amabwiriza mu bihugu byateye imbere bwuzuye kandi busanzwe, kandi hariho uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga imikorere, harimo amahugurwa y’umwuga n’uburezi mboneragihugu, mu gihe amahame yo gutunganya imyanda mu bihugu byateye imbere asobanutse neza.
By’umwihariko harimo: (1) Gusobanura inshingano zo gutunganya imyanda, kandi icyarimwe, leta igashyigikira uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda hakoreshejwe amafaranga na politiki; gushyiraho amahame ajyanye nayo kugira ngo agenzure kandi ayobore uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga; (2) gushyiraho uburyo bwo gucunga no gucunga inganda mu buryo buboneye, buhamye kandi bunoze kugira ngo habeho iterambere ryiza n’imikorere irambye yo gutunganya imyanda hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga; (3) Kunoza urwego, imikoranire, no kwibanda ku kubaka no gukoresha ibikoresho by’imyanda hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo harebwe inyungu, kugabanya ikiguzi, no koroshya ubugenzuzi; (4) Kwibanda ku buryo bwihariye (5) kwamamaza no kwigisha no gutanga umusanzu w’abaturage, nibindi.
Mu gushyira mu bikorwa mu buryo bufatika, uburambe bwagezweho n'amasomo yo gutsindwa bikubiye mu ncamake kugira ngo habeho iterambere rirambye ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imyanda mu gihugu cyanjye.
Cr.antop
Igihe cyo kohereza: 13 Mata 2023